Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the ocean at the surface and has been increasing the acidity of Pacific waters since the beginning of the industrial revolution more than 200 years ago. A new study, led by University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa , revealed that the ocean is acidifying even more rapidly below the surface in the open waters of the North Pacific near Hawaiʻi. Their discovery was published in the .

“Ocean acidification has far‐reaching consequences for ocean biology and the global climate,” said Lucie Knor, lead author of the study and postdoctoral researcher in the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ Mānoa (SOEST). “We expected some indicators of ocean acidification to be changing more rapidly below the surface, because that was what some global studies have previously discovered, but we were very surprised that this was true for every single ocean acidification indicator.”

Knor and co-authors analyzed a 35‐year record of ocean carbon measurements made by the Hawaiʻi Ocean Time-series program throughout the entire water column—from the surface to nearly 3 miles deep—at the open ocean field site 60 miles north of Oʻahu at Station ALOHA.

They found that in all layers, there are increases of carbon from natural decomposition of sinking organisms. In some layers, accelerated acidification is associated with fresher and colder waters.

“Deeper waters are already naturally quite acidic in the North Pacific, so quickly increasing acidity could negatively impact plankton species and other organisms that live below the surface,” said Knor. “In the long run, these changes in ocean chemistry also make it harder for the ocean to keep taking up more CO_â‚‚ from the atmosphere.”

Concern over heat waves, acidity

In the past decade or so, there has been an onslaught of marine heat waves associated with unusual conditions in the ocean and atmosphere and strong, multi‐year El Niño events. Researchers, fisheries managers, and coral conservationists are concerned with the combined impacts of marine heat waves and ocean acidity events.

Subsurface waters at Station ALOHA are formed farther north in the Pacific. Changes in seawater properties impacted by evolving environmental conditions in other areas of the North Pacific are then transported by ocean currents into the deeper layers of the ocean around Hawaiʻi.

“We illustrate that regional-scale changes in source water chemistry and circulation are substantial drivers of the subsurface intensification of ocean acidification around Hawaiʻi,” said Christopher Sabine, co-author of the article and SOEST oceanography professor.

Currently, the research team is investigating the carbon specifically from human-made sources in the water column at Station ALOHA and how that is changing over time in different layers.

This week’s ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ News Image of the Week is from University of Hawaiʻi at ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹’s Kelsey Maloney, visiting researcher program coordinator at the .

Maloney shared, “HOT-346: A sunset sediment trap recovery on a Cruise aboard the Kilo Moana. Location is Station ALOHA. People in the photo are Blake Watkins (HOT) and Benjamin Duncan (OTG). ”

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This week’s ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ News Image of the Week is from the University of Hawaiʻi at ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹’s Fernando Santiago-Mandujano, an oceanography research associate in the .

Santiago-Mandujano shared: “Eleanor Bates and Blake Watkins preparing for a night water-sampler deployment onboard the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ Research Vessel Kilo Moana during a recent cruise of the (HOT) project. Eleanor is a PhD student at the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ in a project to quantify Iron turnover in the upper ocean. The HOT project has been conducting near-monthly cruises to Station ALOHA, 80 miles north of Oʻahu for more than 33 years, studying the hydrography and biogeochemical variability in the water column at this site.”

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This week’s Image of the Week is from the University of Hawaiʻi at ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹ (WHOTS).

Hawaiʻi Institute for Marine Biology Visiting Researcher Program Coordinator Kelsey Maloney shared this image: “Tully Rohrer waiting for the deployment of the WHOTS-18 mooring at . WHOTS is the Woods Hole – (HOT) site. This is a joint project between the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology’s HOT program and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute upper ocean processes team. We have been doing this project for 18 years, and it’s still going strong with our commitment to understanding the ocean around us.”

to be considered for ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ News Image of the Week.

Station ALOHA is the focal point of a range of oceanographic studies conducted over time to study trends of the greater North Pacific Ocean. Station ALOHA was established in 1988 and stands for “A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment” (ALOHA).

The most extended form is HOT in which scientists from ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ conduct 4 day research cruises to the site almost monthly. Read more about the 300th HOT scientific expedition.

Want to get in on the action? The next ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ News Image of the Week could be yours! Submit a photo, drawing, painting, digital illustration of a project you are working on, a moment from a field research outing or a beautiful and/or interesting shot of a scene on your campus. It could be a class visit during which you see an eye-catching object or scene.

Please include a brief description of the image and its connection to your campus, class assignment or other ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ connection. By submitting your image, you are giving ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ News permission to publish your photo on the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ News website and ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ social media accounts. The image must be your original work, and anyone featured in your image needs to give consent to its publication.

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The received $456.6 million in extramural funding in fiscal year 2020, which ended on June 30, topping $400 million for the second consecutive year. It is a 7.1 percent increase from last year’s total of $426.2 million and the second highest total since 2011’s $488 million. Extramural funding is external investments from governmental agencies, industry and non-profit organizations that support research and training activities conducted by university faculty and staff.

“This is not only amazing work by our faculty who are developing new insights on every aspect of the world around us,” said ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ President David Lassner, “These extramural funds directly create thousands of living wage jobs with economic ripples that help the economy across the islands.”

¶«¾«Ó°Òµ extramural funding employs more than 10,000 people annually, which is even more critical now as the stateÊ»s number one industry, tourism, has been seriously impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

• Read more ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ News stories about the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ-DOH Contact Tracing Training Program

“In addition to competing with other research institutions around the country in a very tight extramural funding arena, our people also grappled with the disruptions of the pandemic at work and in their personal lives,” said ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ Vice President for Research and Innovation Vassilis L. Syrmos. “I’m so grateful to our faculty, support staff and graduate students for their resolve in these unprecedented times to keep the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ research enterprise on course. The outstanding performance of our flagship ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹ campus was especially gratifying.”

¶«¾«Ó°Òµ ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹ accounted for $343.1 million followed by the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ System with $57.2 million, an 8 percent and 16.1 percent increase over last year, respectively.

“I’d like to congratulate the entire ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹ research ʻohana for the phenomenal success in securing extramural funding throughout the year and during this extremely challenging period,” said ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹ Interim Vice Chancellor for Research Velma A. Kameoka. “It’s inspiring to see our collaborative efforts with faculty, deans, directors and the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ Office of the Vice President for Research and Innovation focused on strategic research development and initiatives result in tremendous success at ¶«¾«Ó°Òµâ€™s flagship campus, especially as we deal with the current pandemic and its effects.”

Some of the programs that attracted the attention of funders include:

• The ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ ³§²â²õ³Ù±ð³¾â€™s Hawaiʻi P–20 Office was awarded $8 million from the U.S. Department of Education to fund a sub-grant program that will allow community-level early childhood programs to apply for up to $300,000 per year to implement an early literacy program.
• The ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ Cancer Center received $6.5 million from the National Institutes of Health for its Hoʻōla project that involves the creation of the state’s only Early Phase Clinical Research Center—that will provide access to clinical research for patients across multiple disciplines and expand the research capabilities of ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹.
• The ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹ College of Engineering received $5.9 million from the Hawaiʻi State Department of Transportation for the deployment and evaluation of an innovative traffic control system to improve safety and traffic flow on Nimitz Highway and Ala Moana Boulevard.



• The Simons Foundation funded three separate awards totaling $5.7 million for ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹â€™s School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology for on-going research at its open ocean time-series station, known as Station ALOHA that has produced essential ocean scientific data—including ocean acidification.
• The UHealthy Initiative under the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ System received $2.5 million from the Hawaiʻi State Department of Health (DOH) to fund the DOH-¶«¾«Ó°Òµ Contact Tracing Training Program in response to the COVID-19 pandemic affecting the state.
• The Office of Naval Research awarded $1.9 million to the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ System to research various methods to improve inspections, repair protocols and early warning systems of the U.S. Navy’s Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility.
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention awarded $1.4 million to the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹ Myron B. Thompson School of Social Work, Office of Public Health Studies via the DOH on a joint project to address preventive measures in the state’s drug overdose epidemic.

An autonomous drone roves the seas for months at a time, collecting real-time data in research begun at the University of Hawaiʻi in the 1980s. The Wave Glider, along with Ocean Station ALOHA and new tests for the ciguatera toxin, takes advantage of ¶«¾«Ó°Òµâ€™s unique location for ocean research, featured in the for alumni and friends.

Also in this issue, Blue Startups founder Chenoa Farnsworth discusses women’s strengths as entrepreneurs, and Hawaiʻi baseball coaches Joey Estrella and Gerald Oda discuss “what matters most.”

• (PDF).

Learn more about Hawaiʻi high school students naming new asteroids, executive search firm founder Kathryn Inkinen’s influence on hiring in Hawaiʻi, Hawaiian Resource Specialist Earl Kawaʻa’s dedication to passing along cultural traditions, and numerous ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ alumni receiving honors, promotions and appointments.

The bi-annual ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ Magazine, published by Pacific Basin Communications in partnership with the , highlights alumni accomplishments and news from ¶«¾«Ó°Òµâ€™s 10 campuses.

See previous ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ News stories on ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ Magazine.

The (HOT) program based at the has been awarded $9 million in new funding from the National Science Foundation to continue for another five years. Even more auspicious, this month marks the 30th anniversary of the endeavor that has led to so many discoveries in marine ecology and ocean and climate sciences.

The HOT program has provided consistent, long-term observations of physical, biological and chemical properties of the open ocean in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.

HOT was established in 1988 to improve scientific understanding of the structure, dynamics and controls of major biogeochemical cycles in the sea, especially the carbon cycle. In that year, both and , who were professors of oceanography in ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ’s newly created (SOEST), established a deep ocean observation station dubbed ALOHA (A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) 60 miles north of Oʻahu as the benchmark site for the HOT program.

Looking back on 30 years of exploration

For 30 years a large and diverse team of researchers has documented variability of ocean water masses and circulation; observed habitat variability; determined relationships between microbial community structure and function, including nutrient dynamics and carbon sequestration; and measured carbon dioxide in the upper ocean and changes to the capacity of the ocean to absorb it.

“In looking back at the past 30 years, there is plenty to be proud of and to celebrate,” said Karl.

Station ALOHA is one of the best-sampled places in the world’s oceans with a decades-long record of how the ocean responds to climate change. In addition to the monthly ship-based observations, HOT program scientists utilize real-time satellite-based remote observations, as well as unattended mooring measurements, autonomous instrumented gliders and floats, and a cabled seafloor observatory. They have provided invaluable documentation on progressive ocean acidification, and changes to seawater temperatures and Hawaiʻi’s marine ecosystem.

The next chapter of the HOT program

During the five-year duration of the grant, the HOT program will transition to new leadership. , a newly hired oceanography associate professor, and , SOEST researcher, will co-lead this next chapter.

“I am excited to be a part of a program that our society has thankfully supported for 30 years—the long-term monitoring of our planet,” said White, who has conducted research at Station ALOHA for years. “Change is the only constant. Through this program, we’ve been watching the ocean carefully for decades and we’re starting to see strong, meaningful and statistically significant changes in response to human activities. It’s more important than ever that we continue this time-series.”

Added Potemra, “Station ALOHA is unique in the world not only because of the HOT program, but it is also where SOEST maintains the deepest real-time observatory, the , and a . The continuation of HOT is a key piece to keep all these projects going hopefully well into the future.”

The HOT program receives primary funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation in partnership with the Simons Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the State of Hawaiʻi.

¶«¾«Ó°Òµ News video: Ocean climate change research sets benchmark

¶«¾«Ó°Òµ has completed 300 research cruises to Station ALOHA, about 60 miles north of Oʻahu, one of the best-sampled places in the world’s oceans with a decades-long record of how the ocean responds to climate change.

—By Marcie Grabowski

The has hit a major milestone in its critical research to observe and understand how the ocean responds to climate change.

On February 28, 2018, ¶«¾«Ó°Òµâ€™s research vessel Kilo Moana returned from its 300th scientific expedition of the (HOT) program. Completion of 300 research cruises makes Station ALOHA, about 60 miles north of Oʻahu, one of the best-sampled places in the world’s oceans with a decades-long record of how the ocean responds to climate change.

¶«¾«Ó°Òµ has undertaken almost monthly research cruises for 30 years to the same observation area to observe and interpret habitat variability, and to observe and understand the impacts of climate variability and change on the marine ecosystem.

“It is really satisfying to reach this milestone, and to see the growing importance of the HOT program accomplishments,” said , ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ oceanography professor and co-director of the . “Here we are at 30 years and counting. Each additional year of observations brings us closer to a fundamental understanding of how the ocean functions, and its relationships to climate.”

Invaluable documentation on progressive ocean acidification

On November 3, 1988, the scientists and crew aboard ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ research vessel Moana Wave successfully established a deep ocean observation station dubbed ALOHA (A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) as the benchmark site for the HOT program. Karl and Roger Lukas, who at the time were both professors of oceanography in ¶«¾«Ó°Òµâ€™s newly created (SOEST), led the expedition.

The primary objective of HOT was to obtain a long-term time-series of physical, biological and chemical observations at a location that was characteristic of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre habitat to address U.S. Global Change Research Program goals—to document and understand variability of ocean water masses and circulation; to determine the relationships between microbial community structure and function, including nutrient dynamics and carbon sequestration; and to measure carbon dioxide in upper ocean and changes in the capacity of the ocean to absorb it.

“Observing the ocean carefully, consistently, frequently and long enough to capture important modes of variability is very hard work that is occasionally rewarded with fundamental discoveries,” said Lukas, now a ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ oceanography emeritus professor.

In addition to the monthly ship-based observations, HOT program scientists have access to real-time satellite-based remote observations, unattended mooring measurements, autonomous instrumented gliders and floats, and a cabled seafloor observatory with power and fiber optic internet connections back to Oʻahu. This has provided invaluable documentation on progressive ocean acidification, changes in seawater temperatures, and changes in plankton biodiversity.

“The HOT program is providing new understanding of fundamental ocean processes, even as those processes are being modified by human activities on a global scale,” said SOEST Dean . “It is essential to skillfully continue the HOT observations, experiments, data analysis and student training that we may monitor, and inform society how best to respond to, the changing ocean conditions.”

HOT program is ¶«¾«Ó°Òµâ€™s floating classroom

In addition to its primary mission of ocean research, the HOT program has been an invaluable training ground for undergraduate and graduate students as “¶«¾«Ó°Òµâ€™s floating classroom,” Karl said. “Several of our former students, and their students, are now involved in HOT program research—so the HOT influence has now extended into the next generation of marine scientists.”

The success of the HOT program, to date, is a result of the coordinated, dedicated efforts of a large team of academic scientists, marine technicians and engineers, and the professional crews of the research vessels.

The HOT program receives primary funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation in partnership with the Simons Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the State of Hawaiʻi.

—By Marcie Grabowski

Microbes dominate the planet, especially the ocean, and help support the entire marine food web. In , University of Hawaiʻi at ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹ oceanography professor and his team report the largest single-site microbiome gene catalog constructed to date. With this new information, the team discovered nutrient limitation is a central driver in the evolution of ocean microbe genomes.

As a group, marine microbes are extremely diverse and versatile with respect to their metabolic capabilities. All of this variability is encoded in their genes. Some marine microorganisms have genetic instructions that allow them to use the energy derived from sunlight to turn carbon dioxide into organic matter. Others use organic matter as a carbon and energy source and produce carbon dioxide as a respiration end-product. Other, more exotic pathways have also been discovered.

“But how do we characterize all these diverse traits and functions in virtually invisible organisms, whose numbers approach a million cells per teaspoon of seawater?” asked DeLong, senior author on the paper. “This newly constructed, comprehensive gene catalog of microbes inhabiting the ocean waters north of the Hawaiian Islands addresses this challenge.”

Transition zone reveals influence of nutrients

Water samples were collected over two years, and modern genome sequencing technologies were used to decode the genes and genomes of the most abundant microbial species in the upper 3,000 feet of water at the (HOT) Program open ocean field site, Station ALOHA.

Just below the depth of sunlit layer, the team observed a sharp transition in the microbial communities present. They reported that the fundamental building blocks of microbes, their genomes and proteins, changed drastically between depths of about 250-650 feet.

“In surface waters, microbial genomes are much smaller, and their proteins contain less nitrogen<—a logical adaptation in this nitrogen-starved environment,” said Daniel Mende, post-doctoral researcher at the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹ (SOEST) and lead author on the paper. “In deeper waters, between 400–650 feet, microbial genomes become much larger, and their proteins contain more nitrogen, in tandem with increasing nitrogen availability with depth.”

“These results suggest that the availability of nutrients in the environment may actually shape how microbial genomes and proteins evolve in the wild,” said DeLong. “Another surprising finding of the study is that the microbial ‘genomic transition zone’ observed occurs over a very narrow depth range, just beneath the sunlit layer. Below about 650 feet deep, the fundamental properties of microbial genomes and proteins are relatively constant, all the way down to the seafloor.”

Making data widely available

In collaboration with a computer science group led by professor Bonnie Hurwitz at the University of Arizona, who are seeking to describe the nature and function of microbes in the global oceans.

“These new data will provide an important tool for understanding the nature and function of the ocean’s microbiome today, as well as help predict its trajectory into the future,” said DeLong.

This effort was the result of a collaboration between three major programs at ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹—the Program, the National Science Foundation Science and Technology (C-MORE), and the (SCOPE). These programs are operated out of ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ ²ÑÄå²Ô´Ç²¹ Daniel K. Inoue C-MORE Hale. The work was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Simons Foundation.

—By Marcie Grabowski

Ocean , the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa’s research site 60 miles north of Oʻahu has been designated a Milestones in Microbiology site by the (ASM). ASM Milestones in Microbiology program recognizes institutions and scientists that have made significant contributions toward advancing the microbial sciences.

This open-ocean research station “has played a fundamental role in defining the discipline of microbial oceanography, developing a comprehensive understanding of the sea and educating the public about the critical role of marine microbes in global ecosystems,” ASM officials noted in their citation.

Birthplace of microbial oceanography

While microbial oceanography was emerging as a field of inquiry, scientists at the ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ Mānoa (SOEST) proposed a bold new program—the (HOT) research program—and selected Station ALOHA (A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) as the deep ocean site representative of the vast North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, one of Earth’s largest biomes. Since the program’s inception in 1988, the has been the major funding agency, with ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ Mānoa and SOEST providing invaluable support including efficient operation of its oceanographic research vessels.

“It soon became a trans-disciplinary collaboration among individuals who traditionally did not interact (microbiologists, physical scientists, oceanographers, mathematicians and educators), and created unique opportunities for scientific discovery, knowledge transfer and outreach to society at large,” said David Karl, HOT co-founder, Victor and Peggy Brandstrom Pavel Professor of Ocean and Earth Science and director of the (C-MORE). “Station ALOHA may be viewed as the birthplace of microbial oceanography.”

Ocean microbes—small but mighty

Since 1988, teams of scientists have conducted pioneering research at Station ALOHA that has transformed the ecological understanding of the most abundant life forms in the sea—microorganisms. The teams have discovered complex microbial interactions, numerous novel microorganisms and unprecedented metabolic pathways; and have made significant contributions to the understanding of the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems.

Building on success

In 2006, the capacity of the HOT program was enhanced with the creation of the NSF-supported C-MORE, one of only 15 Science and Technology Centers in the nation. This multi-institutional collaboration was established to investigate the identities and impacts of microorganisms including their potential responses to climate change. In addition, C-MORE has an important education mission: to train a new breed of inter-disciplinary microbial oceanographers; to develop curricula at the undergraduate and graduate levels and to increase the number of students and teachers engaged in science and engineering, focusing on underrepresented groups, especially Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders.

A third research program, the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE), was created in July 2014, to complement the objectives of HOT and C-MORE. Discoveries await the SCOPE scientists who will investigate, in greater detail than ever before, the microbially-mediated processes that govern the flow of matter and energy at Station ALOHA.

Education and raising public awareness

Through public and private partnerships with the NSF, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Simons Foundation, Ocean Station ALOHA has increased public awareness of the science of microbial oceanography and its global importance.

“The value of Station ALOHA continues to increase with time: its initial beginnings as a place to quantify ocean change from shipboard sampling has steadily evolved to become the model site for integration of ocean research and education,” said Matt Church, SOEST oceanography professor and lead investigator of the HOT program. “Among the most successful examples of this integration is the international summer school developed as a partnership with the Agouron Institute in 2006. This school has trained more than 150 students in the growing discipline of microbial oceanography.”

In celebration

On November 17, 2015, ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ Mānoa will host a commemoration ceremony wherein the ASM will present ¶«¾«Ó°Òµ Mānoa with two Milestones in Microbiology plaques—one to be placed in the lobby of C-MORE Hale and the second to be displayed aboard the R/V Kilo Moana which makes frequent trips to Ocean Station ALOHA.

In conjunction, the inaugural lecture in the newly-established Pavel Distinguished Lecture Series, Waypoints in Microbial Oceanography, will be presented by Professor Rita Colwell, former director of NSF, on November 16, 2015. Both events will be open to the public.

—By Marcie Grabowski